How is Opal Valued?

FAQ

How is opal valued? What makes a good opal? What are the different patterns in opal? What faults can opal have that detract from its value? What is the play-of-colour? What should I look for in a good opal? How are opals valued? Why are some opals more expensive than others?

The value of an opal depends on many factors. The type of opal, body tone, brilliance, pattern, colour bar thickness, the play of colour, and faults all play important roles in determining the value.

Other important factors include the quality of the cut & polish and the size of the stone. When being valued, opal is carefully examined and given a price 'per carat'. The overall carat size of the stone will then determine the price of the opal.

Opal Class

First of all, it is essential to identify the type of opal which is being valued. An opal doublet or triplet can be worth considerably less than a solid opal. Doublets and triplets are an 'assembled' stone which only contains a very thin slice of natural opal and are therefore generally much less valuable.

Body Tone

Body tone is one of the most important factors in the classification and valuation of opals. Body tone refers to the background or the 'underlying colour' of the opal, which ranges from black through the dark to light. Generally, opals with a black or dark body tone are more valuable than those with a white, light, or crystal body tone because a stone with a darker body tone tends to display colours more vibrantly.

Above - AOGIA 1-9 Body Tone Scale.

Black opal is the most prized opal and may realize prices over AUD $15,000 a karat. Boulder opals also have a dark body tone. White opals have a light body tone and are generally the least valuable form of opal.

The term crystal opal refers to the 'diaphaneity' (transparency) of an opal, not its crystal structure, and is defined as any type of opal which is translucent to transparent. (See the image, below) Some crystal opal displays colour so intense, so dark, that the opal is referred to as 'black crystal opal.'

Above - Black Opal, Semi-black Opal, Boulder Opal, Crystal Opal, White Opal

The Play of Colour

The phenomenon known as the "play-of-colour" is the brilliant range of the full spectrum of colours caused by the diffraction of white light by the internal structure of orderly arrayed spheres of silica. Red (fire) opal is generally more valuable than a mainly green opal which, in turn, is more valuable than a stone showing only blue colour. Nature does not produce a red colour as often as it does a blue or green. The red colouring is caused by larger microscopic silica spheres, whereas blue is caused by the more common small spheres.

Brilliance

Brilliance refers to the brightness and clarity of the colours displayed by opal when the stone is viewed face-up. This ranges from brilliant, bright, to subdued or dull.

Above - Left to Right, Brilliant, Bright, and Subdued.

Pattern

The pattern of coloured segments, forming the play-of-colour of a precious opal, is unique to every individual opal. The distinctiveness and colour displayed by these segments determine the quality of the pattern of an opal.

Excellent Patterns Include

Harlequin, large sections of colour in which each colour segment is roughly the same size and shape, like a mosaic or chequerboard. A true harlequin pattern is extremely rare and highly sought after.

Flagstone, large sections of colour with straight edges, in a random pattern

Ribbon, narrow, parallel cascading lines of rolling colour

Straw, random thin strips of overlapping colour

Chinese Writing, thin strips of overlapping colour which resemble Chinese characters

Picture stones, the intriguingly unique patterns of 'novelty' or 'picture' stones, which resemble an object, landscape, animal, person, etc.

Good Patterns Include

Floral - a random pattern of colour with a good spread

Rolling Flash - large sections of colour which roll across the stone as it turns

Broad Flash - large sections of colour which flash as the stone turns

Pinfire - tiny points or specks of colour

Poor patterns are indistinct and are characterized by patterns featuring Moss and Grass.

Above patterns - Left to Right, Harlequin, Chinese Writing, Rolling Flash, Straw, and Floral. ( Photos by Len Cram )

Colour Bar

The thickness of the colour bar in opal is relative to the overall size and shape of the individual stone. Boulder opal typically has a very thin colour bar due to the way the opal is geologically formed. This should be taken into account when valuing the stone, however, makes little difference to its appearance once set in jewellery.

Faults

Faults which can detract from the value of a finished opal are many and varied. A crack in the face can render almost worthless an opal that otherwise might have been worth a considerable amount per cart. Crazing, i.e. many small cracks in the Opal's face will also relegate the stone to worthless. Sand and various other minerals can be found as inclusions in and/or under the colour bar, and in the potch of opals. Other faults include potch lines, webbing, (grey lines) and windows (sections devoid or lacking in colour). The consistency of colours and pattern when viewed from different directions also has an influence - when a stone "won't face", the colour only shows through on certain angles and otherwise has little, colour. The visibility of potch or brown ironstone on the surface of the stone will also lead to a drop in value.

Conclusion

All the above factors are taken into account when valuing opal, however, there is no substitute for experience. Truth be known, there is no standardized or set method for valuing opals, as each opal is extremely unique, in terms of pattern, brightness, and colouring (unlike diamonds, which can be more accurately valued according to a set chart of colours, clarity, faults, etc.) Always ask for a certificate of valuation/authenticity with your opal, and get a second opinion from an experienced valuer if you are concerned about the value of your stone.